… Landschaft einer Passage. Organische und anorganische Welt, niedrige Notdurft und frecher Luxus gehen die widersprechende Verbindung ein, die Ware hängt und schiebt so hemmungslos durcheinander wie Bilder aus den wirresten Träumen. Urlandschaft der Konsumation.

Walter Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften, Band V.2, Das Passagen-Werk.

Impressed by the emerging modernist experiments in Europe, North American master planners in the 1960s also embraced the idea of the multilevel city as a radical means of renewing and decongesting decaying urban cores so they could accommodate mass automobile use and compete with the burgeoning malls in the suburbs.

Stephen Graham, Vertical.

Quand tous les pâtés de maisons se trouvèrent ainsi percés de galeries occupant … leur premier étage, il n’y eut plus qu’à réunir ces tronçons épars les uns aux autres, de manière à en constituer un réseau … embrassant toute l’étendue de la ville. C’est ce qu’on fit aisément en établissant sur chaque rue des ponts couverts… Des ponts tout sembles, mais beaucoup plus longs, furent jetés de même sur les divers boulevards, sur les places et sur les ponts qui traversent la Seine, de façon … qu’un promeneur pouvait parcourir toute la cité sans jamais se mettre à découvert… Dès que les Parisiens eurent goûté aux nouvelles galeries, ils ne voulurent plus mettre le pied dans les anciens rues qui, disaient-ils, n’étaient plus bonnes que pour les chiens.” – Tony Moilin: Paris en l’an 2000, Paris, 1869.

Walter Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften, Band V.2, Das Passagen-Werk.

Motive für den Untergang der Passagen: verbreiterte Trottoirs, elektrisches Licht, Verbot für Prostitution, Freiluftkult. 

Walter Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften, Band V.2, Das Passagen-Werk.

Some of the largest interior cities have been built in cities with particularly extreme climates. Indeed, the 18-km system of skywalks in Minneapolis is so extensive that its various routes are coloured and named like subways line to minimise confusion.

… a motivation […] were the advantages to real estate developers or the ability to connect large systems of multilevel car parking garages directly to commercial or retail space.

Stephen Graham, Vertical.

While [North American cities] inevitably offer complex ecologies of public, private and semi-private space which are not entirely exclusionary –and some are designed to link more favourably to public streets and transit systems– very often, the primacy of the interiorised city works to residuals the traditional street.

Stephen Graham, Vertical.

Charles Fourier über die rues-galeries: “Cette facilité de communiquer partout, à l’abri des injures de l’air, d’aller pendant les frimas au bal, au spectacle en habit léger, en souliers de couleur, sans connaitre ni boue, ni froid, est un charme si nouveau, qu’il suffirait seul à rendre nos villes et châteaux charme si détestables à quiconque aura passé une journée d’hiver dans un Phalanstère. Si cet édifice était affecté à des emplois de civilisation, la seule commodité des communications abritées et tempérées par les poêles ou les ventilateurs, lui donnerait une valeur énorme. Ses loyers … seraient recherchés à prix double de ceux d’un autre édifice.” – E. Poisson: Fourier [Anthologie], Paris 1932.

Walter Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften, Band V.1, Das Passagen-Werk.

Why enclave? What types of incentivized urbanism will actually benefit from physically segregated infrastructure–from being separate and even distant from the dense and dynamic central spaces of existing cities? Given that the zone is now generating its own urban programs–aspiring to be a city–what economic and technical benefits can result from constructing what is in effect a double or shadow of the city?

Keller Easterling, “Zone: The Spatial Softwares of Extrastatecraft,” 2014.

The Phalanx has no outside streets or open road-ways exposed to the elements. All the portions of the central edifice can be traversed by means of a wide gallery which runs along the second floor on the whole building. At each extremity of this spacious corridor there are elevated passages, supported by columns, and also attractive underground passages which connect all the parts of the Phalanx and the adjoining buildings.

Charles Fourier, “Street-Galleries” in Utopian City, 1822

Wider processes of social polarisation have often worked to exaggerate the social separation of inside and outside within the downtowns of various North American cities. […] the city’s skyway system ‘became something it was never intended to be: a fortress, a filter, a refuge.’ The city’s downtown street system –an increasingly residualised space for the poor, the mentally ill and the failed consumers externalised from the interior system– became a source of fear for those inside.

Stephen Graham, Vertical.